{"id":2029,"date":"2019-11-22T17:16:05","date_gmt":"2019-11-22T17:16:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/bobwolff.org\/?p=2029"},"modified":"2019-11-22T17:16:11","modified_gmt":"2019-11-22T17:16:11","slug":"getting-to-the-point","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bobwolff.org\/index.php\/2019\/11\/22\/getting-to-the-point\/","title":{"rendered":"Getting to the Point"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Another mark of\nautumn, for me personally, is the plowing of fields and lowering of pond and\nreservoir water levels. And that means, again for me personally, looking for arrowheads\n\u2013 point hunting we call it. Fall is the ideal time to go out and find Native\nAmerican artifacts. But there seems to be an increasing stigma associated with\nthis activity for some reason; people seem to think there is something improper\nabout it \u2013 at least some people anyway. Which is odd in that people have been\nfinding and collecting artifacts for as long as we\u2019ve walked this earth. I\npersonally know of plowed fields that have been actively hunted for artifacts\nevery year for over 150 years. And there are still artifacts turned up with\nevery plowing. And thanks to people collecting them, we have a much greater\ninsight into who camped there, when, and for how long.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Arrowheads,\ncolloquially, are any of a number of hand crafted stone artifacts used by\nindigenous people. Some are truly arrowheads, meant to be hafted to an arrow;\nothers are actually knives, scrapers, dart tips, spear tips, drills, and an\nassortment of other similar tools. The US has a documented habitation of\napprox. 12,000 years, beginning with the Paleolithic era which was 10,000 BC to\napprox. 8,000 BC. This era was comprised of nomads who followed the retreating\nglacial ice pack. They are thought to have entered this country across the land\nbridge from Siberia. As the flooding from the melting ice rose sea levels, that\nland bridge was ultimately covered with water, closing it off permanently. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next culture is\ncalled the Early Archaic; they were primarily nomadic but likely settled for\nlonger periods in some favorable locations. Their culture is from 8,000 BC to\n6,000 BC. Locally here in Rhode Island, Narragansett Bay was still a river\nvalet with the ocean not yet having risen enough to flood it. Early Archaic\nsites are more typically found inland than coastal, although they do appear\nnear the coast sometimes. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next is the\nMiddle Archaic (6,000 BC to 4,000 BC) who, while still heavily nomadic, began\nto establish more permanent settlements. Their populations were larger than the\nEarly Archaic, and a sense of society began to creep into them. They often\nreturned to the same sites seasonally and as the botany of the area changed\nwith the warming temperatures after the ice pack\u2019s recession, their diet became\nvaried, resulting in the appearance of new tools. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the Late Archaic\n(4,000 BC to 1,000 BC), life was rapidly changing for these people. They were\nexploiting all the resources of the land, mining steatite to make stone bowls\nand cups, making ornate pendants and other ground and polished stone artifacts.\nThey were still hunter-gathers, but had an ever increasing varied diet. Towards\nthe end of their culture, they also witnessed the first real migration and\nassimilation of people persecuted for their religious beliefs. The Adena culture\nfled the Ohio valley to find a new home where they could follow their beliefs,\nmoving east into New England. They brought a myriad of new technology and\ncultural systems with them such as pipes for smoking, the art of crop growing\nand harvesting, and new religious ideas. By now the ocean had flooded the river\nvalley and Narragansett Bay was becoming well established, providing a whole\nnew source of food with the abundant shellfish.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The last occupancy of\nthe area untouched by Europeans was the Woodland period, sometimes called the\nCeramic period. (1,000 BC to 300 AD). After this of course, came the explorers,\nwho completely changed the way of life of these people. The Woodland period was\nrevolutionary, bringing permanent settlements of extremely large villages with\ngreat populations. They farmed heavily and abandoned stone bowls for pottery\ncrafted from mud and vegetative material as well as seashells. They largely\nsettled by the coast so as to take advantage of the food source of fish and\nshellfish. It is believed that women took a role of responsibility from the men\nwith providing food as they did much of the growing of crops and harvesting of\nthe seafood. Men continued to hunt, but as villages and populations grew, land\ncrowding began to be an issue, leading to disputes over hunting grounds. And\nsadly, it was during this era that new artifacts first begin to appear: items\nsuch as pronged war clubs, made exclusively for mortally wounding adversarial\nwarriors in battle. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Enough of the history\nlesson \u2013 sorry. My point (pun intended) is that there have been people living\non this land for 12,000 years. And while not all the occupancies were\ncontiguous ((there are time gaps in the historical record where there are\nhundreds of years with seemingly no activity) throughout those 12,000 years the\npeople living here made stone tools \u2013 millions of them. Think about it. Even\nwith a life span of let\u2019s say, 35 years, a hunter starting at age 10 would have\n25 years of hunting. That is over 9.000 days of hunting. His tools were made of\nstone; fragile and easily broken due to the thin nature of the crafted blade\nand\/or the material. Quartz, for example, was heavily used here in Rhode\nIsland, especially during the Late Archaic and Woodland periods. Quartz is\nstrong but brittle due to its crystalline structure. Argillite is another\ncommon material for those periods, a sedimentary rock made from compacted clay\nthat while strong in one axis, can fracture easily on the other. And all of\nthese tools were made to be used: thrown as a dart or spear, or fired as an\narrow. They almost always broke on impact, whether in the prey or on the ground\nwith a miss. My personal collecting ratio of well over a hundred broken\nartifacts to a single complete one is testimony to that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So consider then,\n12.000 years of occupancy filled with daily use of fragile tools constantly\nbreaking through their use. How many artifacts were made? When you get to\nundisturbed areas along the Rhode Island coast (and by that I mean within a\nhalf mile or so of the shore), were you to stick a shovel in the ground you\nwould be hard pressed to not turn up evidence of their occupancy. I am not\nsaying that one would find actual artifacts every time, but you would find\nshell debris (by the billion) and chips or flakes left by crafting the\nartifacts. Their population, their occupancy, covered nearly every acre of the\nregion through those 12,000 years. Noodle all that for just a short while and\nyou get an inkling of just how many artifacts were made. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

So yes, collectors\nhave harvested thousands of these artifacts; probably hundreds of thousands.\nBut they are preserved and recorded. They are in collections for people to see\nand study; the community learned a little bit from each artifact. I had a good\nfriend who taught me much about our local prehistory who was an avid collector\nhis whole life. When he died, he donated his entire collection for others to\nsee and to study. The artifacts continue to teach us. But if collectors have\ngathered hundreds of thousands of artifacts through the last 150 years or so,\nthere have been that amount raised to the Nth power that were destroyed and lost\nforever due to construction: houses, shopping centers, highways, and the rise\nof civilization. It actually began when the first settlers arrived here and\nbegan to clear land and plow fields. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rivers were dammed\nand lakes and reservoirs were formed; the majority of all the large bodies of\nwater around here are manmade \u2013 75% of them. The prehistoric people used rivers\nas their highways, traveling on them or along them. Every major reservoir or\nlake in this state reveals artifacts along the shoreline, but only when the\nspillways are opened to intentionally lower the water level. When that occurs\nand the water drops back to the original river bed levels, the normally\nsubmerged land alongside, now stripped bare of humus and topsoil, artifacts are\nfound mixed in with the sand and gravel. The original sites are completely\ndestroyed by the flooding, but the artifacts can still be found \u2013 recovered,\nrescued. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Please also remember\nthat all this occurred before history. There is no written record of what\nhappened over those 12.000 years. There are no tribe names, no language, and no\ndetails on any of them. There is no history of who they were; all that had to\nbe learned by studying their artifacts and their settlements and camps. And\nthanks to all the years of study, we now have a great understanding of who they\nwere and from where they came. We only learn by collecting and studying.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In my younger years,\nI was president of our state amateur archeological society for several years.\nAnd even then there was derision and disagreement between professional\narchaeologists and the amateur ranks. I lobbied extensively for a collaboration\nbetween the two groups, but could never gain the traction. Perhaps I was too\nyoung to be taken seriously or perhaps there was just too much distrust on both\nsides. But with the construction boom back then, sites were rapidly\ndisappearing and of course, once gone, forever gone. If an imperiled site was\nidentified (which rarely happened, they would usually just bulldoze it all and\nnot say a word out of fear of getting shut down) the professionals would come\nin and would excavate 10% of the site. Then they would let construction resume\nand the remaining 90% would be lost forever. I argued that the remaining 90%\nshould be turned over the amateurs to excavate and collect. We\u2019d keep what we\nfound but would readily and openly share the data and examination of the\nartifacts. In this way the artifacts are preserved and available for study. But\nas I said, I could never gain the traction to forge an alliance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There were millions\nupon billions of artifacts crafted over the last 12,000 years. But most of the\nintact sites have been destroyed in the last 150 years; why then begrudge\nsomeone willing to go out and walk the plowed fields or low water lines of the\nlakes? Recovery is just as important as preservation, especially when so much\nis already buried or destroyed. It is a greater problem in other parts of the\nUS than here; I usually don\u2019t hear much negativity around here. But some of the\ncollecting groups I follow that live in the south or Midwest are under attack\nfor collecting artifacts, even those picked up on a river bank. Just doesn\u2019t\nmake sense to me.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So deep into this\npost and I am just now getting around to say that I have been out on one of our\nreservoirs twice now. The water level is down, although not as low as I\u2019ve seen\nit in the past, but low enough to make walking the shoreline worthwhile. This\nparticular reservoir is well inland and my personal collecting has revealed an\nEarly Archaic presence as well as a Late Archaic one. And in one specific area,\nthere is an area that is clearly Woodland \u2013 possibly even near the Contact\nperiod (which is the brief period of time when both Native Americans and the\nEuropean settlers coexisted). My point hunting friends (Billy and Jesse) and I\nhunted this reservoir often 35 years ago. I don\u2019t think I\u2019ve been back more\nthan once or twice since the 1980\u2019s. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The site is hard to\nhunt; the site is literally littered with rocks, sand, and gravel all of the\nsame or similar color as the predominant artifact material (quartzite). The\nsheer volume of material coupled with the color, makes it extremely hard to\nspot artifacts mixed in. Being Early Archaic, the population was nomadic and\nmostly unsettled as well as being a sparse population. As such, artifacts are\nrelatively scarce there. But generally speaking, the ones found there, if\nintact, are fine specimens. They are \u201crarer\u201d given their age but also the\ncraftsmanship; finer flaking, more symmetry, and more aesthetically pleasing to\nthe eye. Through the years I have found some truly spectacular pieces there but\ncountless more broken pieces (also known as heartbreakers). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hunting points is\ndifficult in the best of conditions. Discerning the difference between a broken\nstone and a stone arrowhead is inherently problematic; the sheer numbers of\nnon-artifacts versus actual artifacts alone is daunting. To be successful you\nhave to simultaneously look for a number of attributes: color of material and\ntype of material, along with sharp or flaked edges, symmetry, and general\noutline characteristics like stems of notches. This is compounded by the fact\nthat every artifact made produced dozens and dozens of chips and flakes, called\ndebitage, which is the same material type and color as the artifacts. So you\nnaturally find ten and twenty times the chips as you do artifacts; they are the\nultimate red herrings. But you have to stop to pick up and examine every one of\nthem because just lying there, you never know which one is a chip or flake and\nwhich is an artifact. And most of the time, artifacts don\u2019t just sit there flat\non the ground, fully exposed in full profile. Rather they will be turned on\nedge, mixed in amongst 36 other similar pieces of material and half (or more)\nburied in the sand. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

 Hunting reservoirs is different than hunting\nplowed fields as well. There are far more pieces of material on the shores of a\nreservoir. Think about it \u2013 what was once standing ground with a layer of humus\nand topsoil which can be anywhere between 24\u201d up to 48\u201d or more depending upon\nthe geology of the area, has been flooded and kept underwater for 50 years or\nmore. And periodically through droughts and intentional lowering of the water\nlevel, the land becomes the waterline where it is exposed to the actions of the\nwinds and waves. The organic material \u2013 the humus and topsoil, erode and\ndissolve into the water. After a while, all that is left is the sand and gravel\nof the subsoil \u2013 and whatever stones, rocks, or artifacts that may have been\nheld in that soil. So when the water levels fall, and 50\u2019 of shoreline is\nexposed, any artifacts that were once buried anywhere in that soil now rest on\n(or to some extent in) the sand and gravel. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The plowed fields have the same amount of artifacts and stone, but unlike the reservoir the soil is still there and everything there is still mixed in the soil. So something deposited thousands of years ago is still deep under the surface. When the plow turns the soil, it only goes down a foot or so and everything deeper remains undisturbed. But through repeated plowing, soil erodes and washes away and the plow cuts a little deeper each time. So the plowed soil is a less concentrated mix of materials, meaning fewer rocks and chips or flakes to look at per square foot, so easier hunting. But of course there are also fewer artifacts to find as well. Balance once again, just like everything else in life!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On that first visit\nback after all these years I did find one single projectile point \u2013 a\ntriangular point \u2013 on my first trip out. And that was all I found. I went back\na second time a couple of weeks later with more time to spend there and found\nfour pieces, only one of which was complete. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The first thing I\nnoticed was that I no longer have the vision I had 30+ years ago; I was eagle-eyed\nback then, better than 20-20 vision. I\u2019ve since had cataract surgery on both\neyes and have artificial lenses which don\u2019t provide anything even close to\n20-20 vision. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next observation\nwas that I had lost the ability to effectively hunt a shoreline for artifacts.\nI knew the materials for which to look as well as the colors; and I surely knew\nthe shapes. But the skill of scanning an area while walking and discerning\nbetween the 2000 rocks and stones and an artifact had dulled and eroded within\nme. I found that I had to slow to nearly a standstill and to stoop so as to\nalmost be nose to ground in order to hunt effectively. I have absolutely no\ndoubt that I left artifacts behind unseen and unfound on both hunts, very frustrating!\nIt will improve with time and practice, like anything else. My eyes will again\nlearn to focus on the significant few and to ignore the trivial many. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Which is the other\nkey component to point hunting \u2013 time \u2013 boots on ground. You have to invest a\nlot of time to reap the rewards of finding an artifact. A lot of time. It is\nnot like hunting or fishing or any other activity that yields a reward of the\npursuit \u2013 it requires time spent in pursuit. Of course, not that this is a bad\nthing; a typical reservoir walk of 3 or 4 hours is spent in complete peace and\nquiet, removed from traffic and civilization. It is a really nice way to spend\nsome time in nature with the occasional reward of an artifact as part of it. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Speaking of, there is\none piece of all this that I have not yet touched upon; one other reward in\nfinding an artifact. The piece in your hand, once seen and picked up, had not\nbeen seen or touched by another human since its creator. And that could be\nthree or five or even eight thousand years! The intact piece I found on my last\ntrip is around 6,000 or 7,000 years old, this definitely determined by the\nartifact type and the years of study and development of artifact typology.\nImagine \u2013 the first person to touch it since it was dropped or lost for those thousands\nof years\u2026.what a remarkable connection over time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I hope I have not\nbored you too much with this longer than usual post dear reader, nor the\nnon-spiritual aspect of it (although there is most definitely a spiritual\ncomponent to it). I am sure I will return to this again and again as I continue\nto get back into point hunting. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Another mark of autumn, for me personally, is the plowing of fields and lowering of pond and reservoir water levels. And that means, again for me personally, looking for arrowheads \u2013 point hunting we call it. Fall is the ideal time to go out and find Native American artifacts. But there seems to be an […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2030,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"ocean_front_end_style_editor":"no","ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"off","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2029","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-life","entry","has-media"],"yoast_head":"\nGetting to the Point - Through the Eyes of a Wolff<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/bobwolff.org\/index.php\/2019\/11\/22\/getting-to-the-point\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Getting to the Point - Through the Eyes of a Wolff\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Another mark of autumn, for me personally, is the plowing of fields and lowering of pond and reservoir water levels. And that means, again for me personally, looking for arrowheads \u2013 point hunting we call it. Fall is the ideal time to go out and find Native American artifacts. 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